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minority reign
The term minority reign or royal minority refers to the period of a sovereign's rule when he or she is legally a minor. Minority reigns are of their nature times when politicians and advisors can be especially competitive.〔Beem, Charles. 2008. ''The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England''. New York, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-230-60866-5〕
Commonly, a regent is appointed if a sovereign is a minor. In many instances, the advent of a royal minority led to fierce competition for any regency office, and in England only one actual regent was ever appointed: In October 1216 William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke became regent for the nine-year-old Henry III on the death of King John. Subsequent royal minorities before 1811 were dealt with by the appointment of officers who held the less provocative title "Lords Justices of the Realm", "Lord Protector" or "Protector and Defender" (after 1422), and sometimes "Guardian of the Realm". In all instances they were intended to be assisted by a collective council or body of officials, although the brief Protectorate of Richard, duke of Gloucester from April to June 1483 did not allow for the naming of an official council.
Sovereigns who have ruled as minors include:
* Valentinian III
* Louis the Child of East Francia
* Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
* Henry IV of Germany
* Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire
* Pedro II of Brazil
* Simeon II of Bulgaria
* Philip I of France
* Louis IX of France
* John I of France
* Charles VI of France
* Charles VIII of France
* Francis II of France
* Charles IX of France
* Louis XIII of France
* Louis XIV of France
* Louis XV of France
* Henry III of England
* Edward III of England
* Richard II of England
* Henry VI of England
* Edward V of England
* Edward VI of England
* Ladislaus III of Hungary
* Mary of Hungary
* Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
* Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
* Sancho II of Portugal
* Afonso V of Portugal
* Sebastian of Portugal
* Afonso VI of Portugal
* Maria II of Portugal
* Pedro V of Portugal
* Michael of Romania
* Ivan IV of Russia
* Peter I the Great of Russia
* Malcolm IV of Scotland
* Alexander III of Scotland
* David II of Scotland
* James I of Scotland
* James II of Scotland
* James III of Scotland
* James IV of Scotland
* James V of Scotland
* Mary, Queen of Scots
* James VI of Scotland
* Alfonso V of León
* Bermudo III of León
* Alfonso VIII of Castile
* Henry I of Castile
* Ferdinand IV of Castile
* Alfonso XI of Castile
* Henry III of Castile
* John II of Castile
* García Sánchez I of Pamplona
* Theobald II of Navarre
* Joan I of Navarre
* Francis Phoebus of Navarre
* Catherine of Navarre
* Petronilla of Aragon
* Alfonso II of Aragon
* James I of Aragon
* Charles II of Spain
* Isabella II of Spain
* Alfonso XIII of Spain
* Peter II of Yugoslavia
==Footnotes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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